WARN - Count in xref table is 0 at offset 5087812 European B2C E-commerce Report 2014 Facts, Figures, Infographics & Trends of 2013 and the 2014 Forecast of the European B2C E-commerce Market of Goods and Services www.ecommerce-europe.euIn cooperation with: Powered by: Europe B2C E-commerce reports 2014 Colophon Ecommerce Europe Rue de Trèves 59-61 B-1000 Brussels – Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Website: www.ecommerce-europe.eu Contact us at: info@ecommerce-europe.eu For reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu In cooperation with: Powered by: 15+ National Associations: Austria Belgium Czech Republic Denmark Finland Finland France Greece Ireland Italy Nether- lands Norway Poland Spain Switzer- land Table of Contents INFOGRAPHIC NATIONAL ASSOCIATIONS page 4 PREFACE page 5 OUR REPORT PARTNERS page 6-11 A BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO EUROPE page 12-16 Overview of the European Countries page 13 European Digital Single Market page 15 Impact of E-commerce on the Economy page 16 GLOBAL B2C E-COMMERCE IN BRIEF page 17-19 Infographic page 18 The Global Infographic Explained page 19 EUROPEAN E-COMMERCE MARKETS page 20-33 Infographic page 21 Economic Indicators page 22 Internet Penetration page 23 Population and E-households page 24 Growth in European B2C E-commerce Sales page 25 Top 10 Countries B2C E-commerce Sales page 26 Share of Top 10 Countries in B2C E-commerce Sales page 27 B2C E-commerce Growth Rate per Country page 28 Online Expenditure per E-shopper page 29 Online Expenditure per E-household page 30 Mobile Commerce page 31 Share and Growth Rate Technical Consumer Goods page 32 Sales of Popular Technical Consumer Goods page 33 WESTERN EUROPE page 34-39 Infographic page 35 B2C E-commerce Turnover and Growth page 36 E-commerce markets page 37 CENTRAL EUROPE page 40-44 Infographic page 41 B2C E-commerce Turnover and Growth page 42 E-commerce markets page 43 SOUTHERN EUROPE page 45-49 Infographic page 46 B2C E-commerce Turnover and Growth page 47 E-commerce markets page 48 NORTHERN EUROPE page 50-54 Infographic page 51 B2C E-commerce Turnover and Growth page 52 E-commerce markets page 53 EASTERN EUROPE page 55-58 Infographic page 56 B2C E-commerce Turnover and Growth page 57 E-commerce markets page 58 OVERVIEW AND FORECAST page 59-62 Overview page 60 Forecast page 62 ABOUT ECOMMERCE EUROPE page 63 Ecommerce Europe association data at a glance 2014 European Reports Reports include country profiles, trends & Infographics. Reports contain countries: ● Eastern: Rom, Rus, Ukr, a.o. ● Western: BeNeLux, Fra, Ire, UK ● Southern: Gre, It, Port, Spa, Turk, a.o. ● Northern: Den, Est, Fin, Lat, Lith, Nor, Swe, a.o. ● Central: Aus, CR, Germ, Hun, Pol, Swi, a.o. 15+ leading e-commerce associations 32% West Central South North East € 177.7 bn € 93.3 bn € 40.8 bn € 31.9 bn € 19.3 bn +12.4% +22.7% +18.9% +12.7% +47.3% GOMSEC Global Online Measurement Standard B2C E-Commerce Round Tables Meetings in 8 European cities for e-commerce experts and invitees 2, , + jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 645,000+ estimated online businesses 3.7 bn+ number of parcels sent annually (f) 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers Europe € 363.1 bn +16.3% EU28 € 317.9 bn +14.7% 69% 100% © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Rue de Trèves 59-61 | B-1000 Brussels |Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/facts-figures/free-downloads Positioning papers 1. e-Regulations 2. e-Privacy&Transparency 3. e-Payments 4. e-Identification & Trust Services 5. e-logistics François Momboisse President of Ecommerce Europe European B2C E-commerce Reports 2014 Preface Wijnand Jongen Chair of the Executive Committee The importance of e-commerce continuous to grow. More and more people buy their products and services online and they do so from various places, such as at home, at work, en route or in the highstreet and sometimes already online in the store. Meanwhile, e-commerce has become a major influence on the European economy. Whereas the European Gross Domestic Product was more than €16.4trn in 2013, the e-GDP accounted for 2.2% of this number. In addition, e-commerce is responsible for the creation of many new jobs and all this makes it a significant economic power in Europe. Measuring the size and growth of the e-commerce sector in Europe and around the globe is vital for understanding its economic impact and growing contribution. Ecommerce Europe strongly believes that it is with economic facts that messages in support of our industry can be heard. Therefore, we are delighted to present the second edition of the Ecommerce Europe B2C Research Reports. After the initial year, our reports are now an established phenomenon within the European landscape of e-commerce. In total, Ecommerce Europe annually publishes several reports; five comprehensive regional reports (Western Europe, Northern Europe, Eastern Europe, Southern Europe and Central Europe), a number of global reports and this European report, which includes an overview of the major European markets. Through the Ecommerce Europe B2C Research Reports we want to share our knowledge with our readers around the world. By means of figures that are based on the Global Online Measurement Standard for B2C E-Commerce (GOMSEC), interviews with e-commerce experts and clear tables and infographics, we provide online retailers and other stakeholders with practical means that can help them to optimize their businesses. Naturally, we could not have realized these reports without the help of others. Therefore we want to use this opportunity to express our gratitude to all participating national associations and their individual research partners for providing us with the required data and information. We would also like to thank all participating company members, business partners and stakeholders for their involvement. In addition, we are very grateful to the experts across the world who selflessly invested their time and effort to share their insights. And finally, a special word of thanks goes to our sponsors GlobalCollect, Informatica Corp, RichRelevance and Salesupply, who enable us to make the reports widely available, and to GfK for their close cooperation and involvement. If you would like to receive additional information, purchase reports or become involved with Ecommerce Europe or one of our national associations so that you can receive the reports for free, please contact us via our website www.ecommerce-europe.eu or send us an email at research@ecommerce- europe.eu. Our Report Partners This report is powered by the following partners GfK is the trusted source of relevant market and consumer information that enables its clients to make smarter decisions. More than 13,000 market research experts combine their passion with GfK’s 80 years of data science experience. By using innovative technologies and data sciences, GfK turns big data into smart data, enabling its clients to improve their competitive edge and enrich consumers’ experiences and choices. GlobalCollect is the most knowledgeable global Payment Service Provider in the world, processing international e-commerce payments for more than 600 of the world’s most recognized e-commerce brands in the digital goods and services, travel, retail and video gaming industries, among many others. GlobalCollect’s business intelligence tools, Managed Fraud Services and more than 400 payments experts help our clients elevate their payment strategies to become a strategic asset to their companies. RichRelevance is the global leader in omni-channel personalization. More than 160 companies in 40 countries use RichRelevance to turn data into actionable insight, which delivers the most relevant experience for consumers as they shop across web, store and mobile. RichRelevance drives more than one billion decisions every day, and has delivered over $8 billion in attributable sales to its clients, which include Target, Marks & Spencer and PriceMinister. Salesupply is a global e-business services company that enables online retailers to achieve profitable international growth faster, more efficiently and with relatively low costs. Salesupply provides a full range of solutions ranging from research and strategy, to effective localization of online shops, followed by complete operational support, traffic generation and brand management. Informatica Corporation (Nasdaq:INFA) is the world’s number one independent provider of data integration software. Organizations around the world rely on Informatica to realize their information potential and drive top business imperatives. Informatica Vibe, the industry’s first and only embeddable virtual data machine (VDM), powers the unique “Map Once. Deploy Anywhere.” capabilities of the Informatica Platform. With regard to information technology, Informatica helps wherever possible by delivering the right data in the right way to the right users. Andrew Phipps Global Director at GfK E-commerce continues to change the face of retail across Europe. GfK recognizes the importance that e-commerce businesses, retailers, manufacturers, and distribution and transport companies have in 2014. The consumer has more information than ever before and it is a rare customer journey that does not have an element of online at some point in that path; whether that be at the research stage or the final purchase decision. The share of sales now being made online is increasing across the European market, the growth in smartphones and tablet devices has changed the way people shop and the constant connectivity has seen a shift in shopping time and location. With many purchase journeys starting on a smartphone and being completed on another device, it is imperative that the shopping experience is seamless across multiple devices. With a number of retailers still to develop a mobile-enabled experience, an opportunity is being missed to convert a browser to a buyer. Success criteria GfK makes use of the latest research techniques to understand each element of the customer journey, from trigger through to final checkout. By looking at each element of the experience and understanding the way it integrates into the bigger picture, we are able to recognize the key criteria that drive success. By looking at how brands and retailers are perceived by customers and how this perception translates to sales we can show the impact the user’s experience has on the final decision. As a global business we are able to contextualize the impact shopping habits are having on European e-commerce players. The cross-border nature of global retail as well as the ability to have products and services delivered on a daily basis from all corners of the globe cannot be discounted. Whether there is an opportunity to take advantage of this or a need to create a defensive strategy, GfK has the insight to evaluate all relevant elements. Understanding what drives or restricts sales and then actually being able to benchmark those sales is going to continue to be important to all online players. In the end, the ability to increase conversion and reduce abandonment is going to come from a clear interpretation of the insights to be derived from the data that exist. “Customer Journeys without an Online Aspect Are Rare” The Importance of E-commerce John Snoek Global Vice President Marketing at GlobalCollect “The European Market Changes Constantly” Key Trends and Best Practices for Cross-border E-commerce in Europe Europe is a mature e-commerce market, but it changes and evolves constantly. For merchants, there is still plenty of opportunity for growth by expanding into new European markets. However, the unique dynamics of the European market place do require careful consideration and planning. While selecting the right payment mix per country is the necessary basis, successful merchants also anticipate and act on macro-trends, such as changes in the regulatory environment, or in consumer behavior and expectations. At the same time, these merchants actively analyze and optimize their businesses through aggressive fraud management and the application of big data analytics. Mobile first strategy In 2014, mobile commerce well and truly arrived in Europe. The use of mobile devices for online shopping and payments is accelerating, with Sweden and the UK in particular matching the global leaders in mobile shopper penetration. In addition, merchants that have adopted the mobile first strategy in both check out and payment pages are seeing considerably higher success rates. Big data to monitor risks and identify opportunities Another big trend that is further maturing in 2014 is the application of big data analytics and visualization to the domain of online payments. E-commerce leaders such as Amazon have been applying big data for years now with the objective of building sophisticated profiles of their consumers for Conversion Rate Optimization (CRO). And with good reason. Cross-border payments can quickly become very complex and hard to manage. Huge volumes of data need to be analyzed in order to identify issues and The year of SEPA? Finally, 2014 is a watershed year for cross-border payments in the Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA). The goal of SEPA is to create a harmonized payments infrastructure throughout the SEPA countries. This is done through the use of common payment instruments and standards, supported by a regular and accepted legal structure. opportunities. By applying analytics and visualization to payments data, merchants can track and compare performance per country, per payment method or per time period, and take appropriate steps to optimize processes. Combating sophisticated fraud Fraud is a fact of life for merchants. This is particularly true for international merchants, because cross-border payments have significantly higher fraud rates than domestic payments. Increasingly, sophisticated fraudsters also take advantage of the shift to mobile payments, where fraud losses are higher as a percentage of revenue. However, rather than accepting fraud as a cost of doing cross-border business, merchants can take action to minimize its impact. In addition to improving the bottom line, this also limits the risk of the kind of reputation damages that go hand-in-hand with online fraud. Ben Rund Senior Director Product Marketing at Informatica Corp “Information Must Be Relevant to Customers” Omnichannel Tomorrow Means Predicting the Next Logical Purchase Everywhere To be able to do this, the motto of offering the right product to the right customer, in the right place and at the right time should be in the company’s mindset. In addition, it needs to have the proper technology to execute this strategy. Brand-switching A final aspect that will be very important in the upcoming years is the apparent lack of brand loyalty. In the US, 75% of the consumers state that they easily switch between brands, and for the rest of the world this rate amounts to 60%. Consumers receive an overload of information and in combination with the total transparency of the markets, buying somewhere else is just one click away. Companies have to deal with this by ensuring that their marketing activities only contain relevant information. Commerce Relevancy is taking omnichannel to the next level for customer experience. A lot is changing in the landscape of e-commerce. For example, the “e” in e- commerce is disappearing. There is no longer a strict separation between online retail and shopping at bricks-and-mortar shops, as all purchases will take place through omnichannel retailing. By the end of 2013, 36% of in-store purchases were influenced by digital devices, for instance as consumers compared prices through comparison websites or looked for additional information. This number is expected to have increased to around 50% at the end of 2014. Companies have to be aware of these developments and invest sufficiently in reaching customers through the several touch points. This way, they will be able to create a flawless customer experience, which is very important for attracting and holding on to customers. Real-time experience The biggest challenge for companies will be real-time experience. For customers it will not be enough to receive information tomorrow or even later today; they want it right away. In other words, fast anticipation is key. By 2017, customer experience is what buyers are going to use to make purchase decisions. Therefore, only companies that can deliver instant information will be successful. In order to achieve this, retailers must be able to predict the next purchases of customers. When shoppers are about to make a purchase, merchants should offer enticing product and/or service bundles. In addition, once a purchase has been concluded, customers should later receive recommendations through all channels regarding products and/or services that might be interesting to them. Pontus Kristiansson Vice President EMEA RichRelevance The mature online retail markets are already highly saturated and competition is intense. To make sure that consumers choose, and continue to choose, your product or service over that of your competitors, you have to stand out from the crowd. Naturally, there are numerous way to achieve this, but in my opinion the best way to go is to optimize your personalization. Times are a-changing When shopping in a brick-and-mortar shop, personalization is a very common aspect. When consumers go to the store, they seek advice from the skilled salesclerk, who is then able to personally help the customer to the best of his or her abilities. However, as shopping has increasingly shifted to the Internet, it has become more difficult for companies to personalize their services. Still, e-commerce personalization is by no means impossible. On the contrary, as in my opinion it is even vital for a company to survive in this day and age. Unfortunately, it is not possible anymore to match one employee to one customer at a time. Therefore, you will have to find new ways to accomplish personalization in your customer service. Possibilities What web merchants can do is using the information that online customers leave behind when browsing the Internet, for example for welcoming them back to their site. Also, people like to follow trends and online shop owners should anticipate this by making suggestions based on what is popular at the moment and on the customer’s shopping behavior. Other possibilities to personalize your website include providing consumers with the opportunity to give feedback, keeping them up to date about their orders, and providing them with aftercare once they made a purchase. Advantages Personalization makes your customer feel less anonymous, which they will appreciate. As a result they are more inclined to choose your product or service. And, perhaps even more importantly, if they are pleased with the way your company threats them, they will keep coming back to you and probably provide you with very valuable word-of-mouth advertising. Companies as Amazon and Netflix are the living proof that personalization works. They have used this tool for many years and as a result, their websites think along with customers. Potential buyers are now provided with reasonable suggestions based on previous site visits and purchases. Making their customers feel special is one of the reasons why Amazon and Netflix are so successful nowadays. “Personalization Is Vital” Making Customers Feel Special Is the Key to Increasing Conversion Rates Henning Heesen Cross-Border E-Commerce Specialist and Board Member at Salesupply AG “Cross-border E-commerce Is a Hot Topic” Asian Invasion on European Market Is a Blessing in Disguise In my opinion, cross-border e-commerce is one of the most important current trends in retail. However, many shop owners underestimate the related time- consuming work and the problems that appear when one enters a foreign market. Consumer trust is vital Companies cannot simply open a website with another extension than that of their home country and expect their proceeds to increase significantly. They have to adapt their business to the country in which they want to introduce their products or services. For a successful internationalization, your company has to gain the trust of your potential customer. A first step in accomplishing this is generating a high-quality translation of your website into the language of the target country. In this regards, a machine translation, such as through Google Translate, will not suffice as the many errors in your text will actually be offensive to the people you are trying to reach. Do your research Of course, just a proper translation is not enough. You also need to adapt to the culture of the audience you want to target. What works for Germany does not necessarily have to work for China or Brazil, for instance. Therefore, you will have to investigate, among other things, relevant trust marks, payment options, and laws and regulations. In addition, you should learn how other successful companies operate in that particular country. As I said before, it is crucial for a foreign company to get the consumers’ trust. Another essential factor in this process is to install a local customer service in your target country. These employees can then deal with customer requests or complaints in the required language and, equally important, in the right time zone. This way, your customers in Latin America or Asia do not have to wait until the business day gets underway in Europe. Asian invasion Tackling the time difference is becoming increasingly important as intercontinental cross-border selling is one of the latest developments in the field of e-commerce. Especially Asia is a popular market for European companies as more and more Asian enterprises want to do business with our continent. Some people see the Asian invasion on the European market as a threat, and there are some good reasons for this, but I mainly consider this a great opportunity for European companies to increase their market. Naturally, there are lots of other places in the world for companies to increase their business. The economic importance and power of the United States have been known for quite some time now, but there are also some sleeping giants in the world. Markets like Australia, Brazil and Indonesia contain a lot of possibilities for European companies. www.ecommerce-europe.eu A Brief Introduction to Europe An Overview of Europe and the European Union Country Capital VAT Currency Population EU28 Austria Vienna 20% Euro (EUR) 8.4mn EU28 Belgium Brussels 21% Euro (EUR) 11.1mn EU28 Bulgaria Sofia 20% Lev (BGN) 7.2mn EU28 Croatia Zagreb 25% Kuna (HTK) 4.2mn EU28 Cyprus Nicosia 18% Euro (EUR) 0.8mn EU28 Czech Republic Prague 21% Koruna (CZK) 4.4mn EU28 Denmark Copenhagen 25% Krone (DDK) 5.6mn EU28 Estonia Tallinn 20% Euro (EUR) 1.3mn EU28 Finland Helsinki 24% Euro (EUR) 5.4mn EU28 France Paris 19% Euro (EUR) 65.5mn EU28 Germany Berlin 19% Euro (EUR) 82.0mn EU28 Greece Athens 19% Euro (EUR) 11.0mn EU28 Hungary Budapest 27% Forint (HUF) 9.9mn EU28 Ireland Dublin 23% Euro (EUR) 4.5mn EU28 Italy Rome 22% Euro (EUR) 59.6mn EU28 Latvia Riga 21% Lats (LVL) 2.0mn EU28 Lithuania Vilnius 21% Litas (LTL) 2.9mn EU28 Luxembourg Luxembourg 15% Euro (EUR) 0.5mn EU28 Malta Valletta 18% Euro (EUR) 0.4mn EU28 Netherlands Amsterdam 21% Euro (EUR) 16.7mn EU28 Poland Warsaw 23% Zloty (PLN) 38.5mn EU28 Portugal Lisbon 23% Euro (EUR) 10.4mn EU28 Romania Bucharest 24% New Leu (RON) 20.0mn EU28 Slovakia Bratislava 20% Euro (EUR) 5.4mn EU28 Slovenia Ljubljana 22% Euro (EUR) 2.0mn EU28 Spain Madrid 21% Euro (EUR) 46.7mn EU28 Sweden Stockholm 25% Krone (SKK) 9.5mn EU28 United Kingdom London 20% Pound (GBP) 63.8mn EU28 EU countries The continent of Europe consists of 47 countries, of which 28 countries are members of the European Union. In the table we provide an overview of the EU members, in alphabetic order. It includes relevant information, such as the currency of each country as well as their respective VAT rates. Establishment The European Union is an economic and political partnership between 28 European countries and was created in the aftermath of the Second World War. Initially, it was established to foster economic cooperation, the idea being that countries that trade with one another become economically interdependent and will therefore be more likely to avoid conflict. Organizations Today, the EU is the most important collaborative partnership in Europe. The participating countries established a number of organizations for this Union, to which they have transferred a part of their powers. These organizations include the European Parliament, the European Commission, the European Council and the Court of Justice of the European Union. The cooperation between these members states is characterized by far- reaching economic integration. In 1986, the tariffs between member states were abolished, creating one internal market. In addition, 12 member states decided to introduce one common currency (the euro) in 1998, and later on this Eurozone was expanded to 18 countries. Overview of the European Countries A Brief Introduction to Europe Country Capital VAT Currency Population EU28 Albania Tirana 20% Lek (ALL) 2.7mn Candidate Bosnia & Herzegovina Sarajevo 17% Mark (BAM) 3.8mn Candidate FYR Macedonia Skopje 18% Denar (MKD) 2.0mn Candidate Iceland Reykjavik 25% Krona (ISK) 0.3mn Candidate Kosovo Pristina 16% Euro (EUR) 1.8mn Candidate Montenegro Podgorica 19% Euro (EUR) 0.6mn Candidate Serbia Belgrade 20% Dinar (RSD) 7.1mn Candidate Turkey Ankara 18% Lira (YTL) 75.6mn Candidate Andorra Andorra La Vella 9% Euro (EUR) 76,000 NON-EU28 Belarus Minsk 20% Kuna (HTK) 9.4mn NON-EU28 Liechtenstein Vaduz 8% Sw.Franc (CHF) 36,000 NON-EU28 Moldova Chișinău 20% Leu (MDL) 3.5mn NON-EU28 Monaco Monaco 19% Euro (EUR) 36.000 NON-EU28 Norway Oslo 25% Krone (NKK) 5.0mn NON-EU28 Russia Moscow 18% Ruble (RUB) 143.0mn NON-EU28 San Marino San Marino 0% Euro (EUR) 33,000 NON-EU28 Switzerland Bern 8% Sw. Franc (CHF) 8.0mn NON-EU28 Ukraine Kiev 20% Hryvnia (UAH) 45.5mn NON-EU28 Vatican City Vatican City 20% Euro (EUR) 850 NON-EU28 Non-EU countries In total, there are 19 countries that are not (yet) a member of the European Union. Eleven of these countries do no have the intention to become a member at the moment. The remaining eight are in the process of obtaining a membership. Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina and Kosovo are so-called Potential Candidates, while FYR Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro, Serbia and Turkey are full candidates. These eight countries are all depicted as Candidates in the table, which also provides relevant information for the 19 non-EU countries. Overview of the European Countries A Brief Introduction to Europe Impact of E-commerce on the Economy Gross Domestic Product The total Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of Europe is estimated to have reached around €16.4 trillion in 2013, of which the GDP of the EU28 was about 80%. Ecommerce Europe estimates the share of the European Internet economy in the GDP at 2.2%, a percentage that is set to double by 2016 and to triple by 2020. The number of jobs created directly and indirectly by the B2C e-commerce sector is estimated at more than two million in Europe, a figure that will grow with the on- going increase and penetration of the Internet in society, and the projected growth of (B2C) e-commerce. 645,250 websites According to data received from national e-commerce associations, Ecommerce Europe estimates the number of B2C websites to have grown to 645,250 at the end of 2013, growing at a pace of 15 to 20% per year. This number is set to grow even more given the growth anticipated in the upcoming markets in the South and the East, where B2C e-commerce is rapidly closing the gap with the more mature markets in Northern, Western and Central Europe. 3.7 billion parcels sent Postal and private operators have reaped the fruits of the impressive growth over the past years of (B2C) e-commerce. Ecommerce Europe estimates the annual number of B2C parcels sent to customers domestically and cross-border to other (European) countries at 3.7 billion, a number that will certainly continue to grow as a result of the increase forecast for B2C e-commerce in Europe. A Brief Introduction to Europe 2.0 million+ Number of jobs created by B2C e-commerce sector 645,250 Estimated number of active B2C websites 3.7 billion Number of parcels sent in Europe Highlights of Global E-commerce www.ecommerce-europe.eu Global B2C E-commerce in Brief More elaborate information on global e-commerce can be found in our Global Reports, which will be published in the fall of 2014. 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Top 10 e-commerce countries in turnover (EUR billion) USA € 315.4 China € 247.3* UK € 107.1 Japan € 81.3 Germany € 63.4 France € 51.1 Australia € 26.9 Canada € 18.0 Russia € 15.5 S. Korea € 15.2 * B2C & C2C goods & services, excluding insurances 7,233 million people live in the world 2,668 million people use the Internet 1,181 million people are e-shoppers 16% 37% 100% € 1,173.5 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services “1,878 million estimated social media users” © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Ecommerce Europe Rue de Trèves 59-61 | B-1000 Brussels | Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Global Global €1,173.5 bn +13.6% Total B2C e-sales 2013 of goods and services 1 2 3 73.4% Share of Internet users accessing the web through a mobile device* *Average worldwide Cross-border B2C E- commerce Most popular countries: USA 45% UK 37% China / HK 26% Canada 18% Australia 16% Germany 14% Asia-Pacific North America Europe Latin America Africa MENA Others € 406.1 bn € 333.5 bn € 363.1 bn € 37.9 bn € 2.3 bn € 11.9 bn € 18.7 bn +16.7% +06.0% +16.3% +24.6% +11.9% +32.6% +10.8% GOMSEC Global Online Measurement Standard B2C E-Commerce “94 million consumers buy cross-border and this number is expected to grow in 2014” Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods 4.2% ‘Global B2C E-commerce report will be published in Fall 2014’ European B2C E-commerce Market of Goods & Services www.ecommerce-europe.eu B2C E-commerce in Europe 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance ; Top 5 mature e-commerce countries in turnover (million) UK € 107,157 Germany € 63,400 France € 51,100 Austria € 10,970 Netherlands € 10,583 Top emerging countries Russia € 15,500 Spain € 14,414 Italy € 11,268 Poland € 5,225 816 million people live in Europe 565 million people use the Internet 264 million people are e-shoppers 1 2 3 2, , + jobs directly or indirectly via e-commerce 54% Goods 46% Services 32% 69% 100% € 363.1 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 645,000+ estimated online businesses 3.7 billion+ number of parcels annually (f) Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods 5.7% “443 million social media users” Europe West Central South North East € 177.7 bn € 93.3 bn € 40.8 bn € 31.9 bn € 19.3 bn +12.4% +22.7% +18.9% +12.7% +47.3% 2.2% eGDP Europe € 363.1 bn 16.3% EU28 € 317.9 bn 14.7% € 16.4 trn GDP 2013 © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Rue de Trèves 59-61|B-1000 Brussels |Belgium Tel: +32 (0) 2 502 31 34 Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Powered by: In cooperation with: Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads Internet Penetration Internet penetration The average Internet penetration in Europe increased to 74% in 2013. As a result, it grew closer to the EU28 average, which now amounts to 77%. In the top 10 of European countries in terms of Internet penetration, it is interesting to see that all Scandinavian countries are represented in the top 5. Eastern and Southern Europe While this top 10 mainly consists of countries from Western and Northern Europe, the top 5 of the lowest Internet penetration solely comprises countries from the Eastern and Southern European regions. However, Russia in particular is trying to close the gap. Last year, it significantly increased its Internet penetration, from 48% in 2012 to 59% last year. B2C E-commerce in Europe Sources: Worldbank.org / Eurostat, 2014 *share of total population Internet access and online population, 2013 TOP 10 COUNTRIES IN TERMS OF INTERNET PENETRATION Countries Internet access* Online Population Europe 74% 600.6mn EU28 77% 392.7mn Top 10 93% 239.2.2mn Norway 96% 4.8mn Netherlands 95% 15.8mn Denmark 95% 5.3mn Sweden 95% 9.1mn Finland 92% 4.9mn United Kingdom 91% 57.9mn Germany 86% 70.5mn France 84% 55.1mn Belgium 83% 9.2mn Switzerland 83% 6.6mn Countries Internet access* Online Population Top 5 53% 157.1mn Turkey 46% 34.7mn Ukraine 50% 22.7mn Romania 55% 11.7mn Bulgaria 56% 4.0mn Russia 59% 84.0mn TOP 5 LOWEST INTERNET ACCESS Internet access and online population, 2013 E-commerce powers The graph of the European B2C e-commerce market immediately shows the importance of the UK. After all, its market has a share of almost one third of the entire European e-commerce market. In addition, the share of the UK is almost twice as much as all the other countries outside the top 10 combined. The share of the top 10 countries in the total European B2C e- commerce (worth of: €363.1bn) markets is almost 85%. However, within the top 10 the difference between the top 3 and the rest is quite significant. Together, the UK, Germany and France account for 60.9%, while the other seven countries combine for 21.6%. TOP 10 COUNTRIES SHARE OF EUROPEAN B2C E-COMMERCE MARKET Share of European B2C E-commerce market, 2013 Share of Top 10 Countries in B2C E-commerce Sales B2C E-commerce in Europe The differences between the seven smaller markets in the top 10 are almost negligible. The share of number four Russia (4.2%) is only 2.4% larger than that of number ten Finland (1.8%). Another interesting aspect of this top 10 is that every European region is represented. With three countries each, Western and Central Europe have the most markets in this list. It is followed by Southern Europe (two countries), and Eastern and Northern Europe with one country each. United Kingdom 29.4% Germany 17.4%France 14.0%Russia 4.2% Spain 3.9% Italy 3.1% Austria 3.0% Netherlands 2.9% Finland 1.8% Switzerland 2.8% Rest of Europe 17.5% Source: Ecommerce Europe, 2014 Sales of Popular Technical Consumer Goods B2C E-commerce in Europe Consumer Electronics; 21.50% Major Domestic Appliances; 23.30% Personal Diagnostics; 0.20% Small Domestic Appliances; 12.30% Telecom; 8.90% Photo; 4.40% Multifunctional Technical Goods; 4.10% Office Equipment; 3.60% Information Technology; 21.80% Consumer Electronics; 16.0% Major Domestic Appliances; 18.3% Personal Diagnostics; 0.1% Small Domestic Appliances; 9.9% Telecom; 9.3% Photo; 6.6% Multifunctional Technical Goods; 2.9% Office Equipment; 3.9% Information Technology; 33.0% Traditional Sales January 2013 - December 2013 Internet Sales January 2013 - December 2013 Same top categories When looking at the two diagrams, it is interesting to see that in both Traditional Sales and Internet Sales the same three categories were very popular last year. In both ways, people purchased the most in Information Technology (such as IT hardware and software), Consumer Electronics (such as TVs, audio home systems and Blu-Ray players) and Major Domestic Appliances (such as refrigerators, washing machines and dishwashers). Different ranking Still, there is a large difference between the Tradional Sales and Internet Sales and that is the division of these categories. When purchasing through the web, consumers purchase most in the Information Technology category (33.0%), followed by Major Domestic Appliances (18.3%) and Consumer Electronics (16.0%). As a result, Information Technology and Consumer Electronics account for more than half of the total online sales. However, in traditional sales, the difference between the three most popular categories is much smaller. At 23.3%, people purchased most in the Major Domestic Appliances category. Information Technology ranked second with 21.8%, closely followed by Consumer Electronics (21.5%). Source: GfK, 2014 Source: GfK, 2014 An Overview of B2C E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Western Europe www.ecommerce-europe.eu Western Europe Western Europe Europe € 363.1 bn +16.3% EU 28 € 317.9 bn +14.7% Western Europe € 177 bn +12.4% Total B2C E-commerce 2013 of goods & services 59% 88% 100% 161 million people live in Western Europe 142 million people use the Internet 95 million people are e-shoppers € 177.7 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 43.5% Services 56,5% Goods 9.5% Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72% of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 3.45% Total GDP € 5,163 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Western Europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance The Netherlands Belgium France United Kingdom Ireland 1 United Kingdom € 107,157 2 France € 51,100 3 The Netherlands € 10,583 4 Ireland € 4,600 5 Belgium € 3,820 6 Luxembourg € 460 Powered by: © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with: National e-commerce Associations: Belgium France Ireland Netherlands United Kingdom The UK is the largest e-commerce market of Europe. In total, the British e-commerce turnover amounted to €107.1bn in 2013. This number is forecast to grow by 11.4% to € 127.4bn in 2014. In total, there were about 41 million e-shoppers in the United Kingdom last year. On average, they each spent €2,613 in 2013, which makes the British Europe’s biggest spenders. This number is also expected to grow, by 14.2% to €2,986. Top 3 Online Players UK 1. Amazon 16% 2. Tesco 9% 3. eBay 8% Mobile commerce accounted for nearly one third of all online sales in the UK in the fourth quarter of 2013. In addition, about half of all visits to British e-retail sites was made through a smartphone or tablet during that period. France French consumers made more than 600 million transactions online during 2013, for a total value of €51.1bn. With 33.8 million active e-consumers, this amounts to an average spending per e-shopper of €1,512. Despite the worsening economic climate in France, online sales continued to rise in 2013, albeit less strongly than the years before. Whereas e-commerce grew by 24% in 2010, its growth rate was only 13.6% in 2013. This trend is expected to continue since a growth of 12.5% is forecast for 2014. In France, the number of B2C e-commerce sites is increasing rapidly. In 2013, there were around 138,000 active sites, which represents a growth of 17% compared to the preceding year. In general, major credit cards are the preferred e- commerce payment methods in France. The most popular method is Carte Bleue (often linked to Visa), followed by MasterCard, American Express and PayPal. Cheques are still fairly often used as the French seem to remain quite traditional and slightly anxious to use new online types of payment. E-commerce Markets Average spending per British e-shopper is est imated at €2,614 91% of the total population is online €51.1bn Online sales in 2013 M-commerce turnover in 2013 in France was €6.2bn These are the three most important players on the UK’s online market of goods sold to consumers in terms of market share. Other big online sellers are Asos, Argos, Play.com, Next and John Lewis. 63.7 million Pound (GBP) 65.6 million Euro (EUR)20.0% 19.6% Western Europe An Overview of B2C E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in CentrWARN - Font not found: Times New Roman al Europe www.ecommerce-europe.eu Central Europe Central Europe Europe € 363.1 bn +16.3% EU 28 € 317.9 bn +14.7% Central Europe € 93.3 bn +22.7% Total B2C Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 165 million people live in Central Europe 130 million people use the Internet 68 million people are e-shoppers € 93.3 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 41.3% Services 58.7% Goods 7.0% Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72% of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 2.20% Total GDP € 4,237 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Central Europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance 1 Germany € 63,400 2 Austria € 10,970 3 Switzerland € 10,200 4 Poland € 5,225 5 Czech Republic € 2,160 6 Hungary € 810 7 Slovakia € 330 8 Slovenia € 180 56% 100% 88% 41% 79% 100% Germany Poland Hungary Czech Republic Austria Slovakia Switzerland National e-commerce Associations: Austria Czech republic Poland Switzerland Powered by: © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with: Switzerland In 2013, Switzerland had 6.67 million Internet users, which represented a penetration of 83% for a population of eight million people. Between 2009 and 2013, the Swiss B2C e- commerce market almost doubled to reach around €10.2bn. The number of e-shoppers is estimated at 5.7 million in 2013 and on average they each spent around €1,789. The most frequently purchased online products in Switzerland were from the categories Travel and Hotels, Books and Magazines, Fashion, and Digital Media. As Switzerland is a relatively expensive country and each Swiss region borders a country with the same official language (France, Italy, Germany or Austria), Swiss e- consumers frequently shop across the border. In combination with the Swiss tendency to shop cross- border, the non-EU status of Switzerland (and the relating import and currency issues) restricts the development of the Swiss B2C e-commerce market. After all, it is not appealing for foreign companies or consumers to establish themselves or purchase in Switzerland. Average spending per e-shopper Poland The Polish e-commerce market is booming. Since 2009 its turnover grew each year with about 25%, from €2.5bn to €5.2bn in 2013. For 2014, another large increase is forecast, as this number is expected to reach €6.2bn. As a result, Poland is the fastest growing B2C e-commerce market within the EU. Even though e-commerce turnover is growing rapidly, Polish consumers are not big online spenders. On average they spent €535 per e-consumer in 2013, which is well below the European average. In addition, the Internet penetration is quite low compared with other countries in the region. 65% of the Polish population had access to the Internet in 2013, which is the lowest rate in Central Europe. It is interesting to note that over the past few years, this number has stayed practically the same. For 2014, a slight increase to 66% is expected. Even though the number of mobile subscriptions decreased from 53.6 million to 47.6 million in Poland last year, m-commerce sales still increased by 41%. As a result, the turnover amounted to €242.2mn in 2013. 8.0 million Franc (CHF) 38.5 million 9.7mn e - s h o p p e r s i n 2 0 1 3 65% Internet penetration 8.0% Zloty (PLN) 23.0% The average GDP per capita is €61,898 5.7 million e-shoppers in 2013 E-commerce Markets Central Europe An Overview of B2C E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Southern Europe www.ecommerce-europe.eu Southern Europe Southern Europe Europe € 363.1 bn +16.3% EU 28 € 317.9 bn +14.7% Southern Europe € 41 bn +18.9% Total B2C Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 59% 212 million people live in Southern Europe 125 million people use the Internet 48 million people are e-shoppers € 40.8 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 57.5% Services* 42.5% Goods* 2.3% Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 72% of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 1.11% Total GDP € 3,671 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Southern Europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Italy Spain Greece 1 Spain € 14,414 2 Italy € 11,268 3 Turkey € 8,930 4 Greece € 3,200 5 Portugal € 2,600 6 Croatia € 240 7 Cyprus € 140 8 Malta € 25 * Based on countries: Spain, Italy & Portugal 23% 59% 100% National e-commerce Associations: Greece Turkey Spain Italy Portugal Powered by: © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with: Italy There were about 37.5 million Italians connected to the Internet in 2013, which resulted in an Internet penetration of 61%. This was the second-lowest rate in Southern Europe, with only Turkey scoring lower. For 2014, a penetration of 64% is forecast. When we look at the division between goods and services sold online, services have become more popular in Italy over the last few years. Just like in 2012, the share of e- services in the total Italian B2C e-commerce turnover amounted to 66%. Mobile commerce is booming in Italy. Of all mobile phone owners, nearly two thirds had a smartphone late 2013, which represents an increase of 23.5% compared to a year before. Also in terms of m-commerce turnover, Italy made a leap forward, with a growth of 37% to €694.4mn. With regard to payment methods, online sellers cannot ignore CartaSi, an Italian credit card. It is the most frequently used credit card for online purchases in Italy. CartaSi has a market share of 40% and more than seven million Italians own such a card. Spain Spain is the largest e-commerce market in Southern Europe and the fifth largest in the whole of Europe. Even though its growth rate decreased from 18.8% to 11.1%, e- commerce turnover amounted to €14.4bn, which represents more than a third of Southern Europe’s total B2C e-commerce turnover. In addition, m-commerce is really booming in Spain. The m- commerce turnover was €3.1bn, which is an increase of 22.7% in comparison with 2012. In Spain, Credit/Debit Cards were the most popular payment method for purchases made online last year. They were followed by PayPal, Cash on Delivery, Prepaid Cards and Bank Transfers. Amazon expanded its Spanish activities this year, by introducing a clothing store. It is expected that the American B2C e-commerce giant will be a fierce competitor for the current leaders in this industry: Inditex, Privalia and Asos. Amazon already has six million unique users in Spain and is known for its flawless logistics, one of the shortcomings of Spanish companies. E-commerce Markets Southern Europe 61.5 million 46.8 million €842 Average spending by I ta l ian e -shoppers in 201 3 Preferred online payment methods: 1. Credit/Debit Cards 2. PayPal (Digital wallet) 3. Cash on Delivery (CoD) 4. Prepaid Card 5. Bank Transfer Euro (EUR) 22.0% Euro (EUR) 21.0% B2C e-commerce turnover in services reached € 8 . 6 b n Music, E-books and Apps are the best selling items on mobile devices Top 5 companies based on unique visitors 1. Zalando 2. Amazon 3. Euronics 4. IBS 5. Bon Prix An Overview of B2C E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Northern Europe www.ecommerce-europe.eu Northern Europe Northern Europe Europe € 361.1 bn +16.3% EU 28 € 317.9 bn +14.7% Northern Europe € 31.9 bn +12.7% Total B2C Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 90% 100% 32 million people live in Northern Europe 29 million people use the Internet 19 million people are e-shoppers € 35.9 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 49% Services 51% Goods 7.2% Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 18 million social media users E-commerce GDP 2.37% Total GDP € 1,349 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Northern Europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a glance 1. Sweden € 8,622 2. Denmark € 8,367 3. Norway € 7,600 4. Finland € 6,500 5. Lithuania € 360 6. Iceland € 230 7. Latvia € 180 8. Estonia € 130 58% 90% 100% National e-commerce Associations: Norway Denmark Finland Finland Iceland Denmark Sweden Norway Finland Estonia Latvia Lithuania Powered by: © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with: Denmark The average annual online spending per Danish e-shopper was €2,145 in 2013. The amount spent online per e- household was €3,768 in that year. In both categories, the Danes were among the top countries in Europe. In Denmark, 89% of the consumers prefer card payments for online purchases. Of these cards, the local Dankort debit card is most frequently used. It is popular among the Danes mostly because it is widely accepted in all parts of the country and its associated costs are relatively low. The most popular category in terms of items sold online in Denmark is Financial Products and Services. This is quite striking as it is a category that does not often appear in other countries’ lists with items that are best sold online. The other categories comprising the top five are more familiar, i.e. Travel and Cultural Activities, Media and Toys, IT, Telecom and Photo, and Electronics and Appliances. Mobile commerce is growing rapidly in Denmark. Compared to 2012, m-commerce turnover grew by 36% to €499.2mn last year. For 2014 an increase of 24% is forecast. E-commerce Markets Northern Europe Best online selling items in Denmark are: 1. Financial Products and Services 2. Travel and Cultural Activities 3. Film, Music, Books, Games and Toys 4. IT, Telecom and Photo 5. Electronics and Appliances Average spending per e -household in Denmark in 2013 €3,768 Sweden E-commerce is on the rise in Sweden. Compared to 2012, online sales increased by 19.4% last year. This is partly due to the country’s high Internet penetration of 95%. An interesting fact here is that the most active e-shoppers can be found in inland municipalities in the north of Sweden. An estimated 77% of Internet users purchased goods and/or services in the last 12 months. On average, each Swedish online consumer spent €1,232 in 2013, resulting in B2C e-commerce turnover of €8.6bn in 2013. The categories in which goods were purchased online most were Books and Magazines, Home Electronics, Fashion/Clothing/Shoes, Movies, and Music. In addition, it is interesting to see that Swedes increasingly often buy groceries online. Last year, nearly €250mn was spent online on food products, an increase of 38% compared to 2012. The potential for m-commerce is clearly present in Sweden Mobile commerce turnover increased from €103.4mn in 2010 to €834.3mn in 2013, which is an growth of more than 700%. Also for next year a significant increase is expected, as a turnover of €1.2bn is forecast. Average spending per Swedish e-shopper is est imated at €1,232 95% of the population had access to the Internet 9.6 million Krona (SEK) 5.6 million Krone (DKK)25.0% 25.0% An Overview of B2C E-commerce Markets of Goods & Services in Eastern Europe www.ecommerce-europe.eu Eastern Europe Eastern Europe Europe € 363.1 bn +16.3% EU 28 € 317 bn +14.7% Eastern Europe € 19.3 bn +47.3% Total B2C Ecommerce 2013 of goods & services 56% 100% 248 million people live in Eastern Europe 139 million people use the Internet 34 million people are e-shoppers € 19.3 bn Turnover E-commerce Goods & Services 25% Services 75% Goods 2.1% Estimated share of online goods in total retail of goods Estimated 40% of active Internet users are on social media E-commerce GDP 0.96 % Total GDP € 2,024 bn 1 2 3 Ranking Eastern Europe in turnover (EUR million) 2013 Key B2C E-commerce Data of Goods and Services at a Glance Ukraine Romania 1 Russia € 15,500 2 Ukraine € 1,850 3 Romania € 1,040 4 Bulgaria € 200 # Other countries¹ € 747 Russia Bulgaria 1 Other countries include: Albania, Belarus, Bosnia & Herzegovina, FYR Macedonia, Moldova, Kosovo, Montenegro and Serbia. 88% 14% 56% 100% National e-commerce Associations: Russia Ukraine Powered by: © Ecommerce Europe June 2014 www.ecommerce-europe.eu info: info@ecommerce-europe.eu for reports: research@ecommerce-europe.eu Twitter: @Ecommerce_eu Free download at: https://www.ecommerce-europe.eu/ facts-figures/free-downloads In cooperation with: General Overview Tables and Forecast of B2C European E-commerce Turnover of Goods & Services www.ecommerce-europe.eu Overview and Forecast Overview of Online B2C E-commerce Sales Growth Source: Ecommerce Europe, 2014 OVERVIEW ONLINE B2C E-COMMERCE SALES GROWTH 2010 - 2014 Based upon online sales growth of goods and services, 2013 Countries 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014(f) Russia 29.7% 29.2% 32.7% 50.5% 16.1% Ukraine 88.1% 45.3% 47.1% 48.0% 21.6% Turkey N/A 57.4 % 35.9% 35.0% 12.3% Romania 30.7% 41.2% 33.3% 30.0% 15.4% Germany 17.3% 16.7% 21.7% 26.8% 20.6% Greece 50.0% 50.0% 42.2% 25.0% 18.8% Poland 24.2% 33.3% 24.9% 24.9% 19.0% Baltic States 32.1% 36.1% 26.1% 23.3% 13.4% Ireland 24.6% 25.1% 25.0% 21.1% 15.0% CZ Republic 27.8% 15.3% 19.6% 20.0% 13.4% Hungary 30.9% 9.9% 35.5% 20.0% 17.3% Sweden 13.6% 12.0% 12.5% 19.4% 8.1% Italy 17.4% 19.2% 18.4% 17.8% 18.2% Belgium 13.0% 25.0% 38.3% 16.5% 15.0% Denmark 25.0% 15.0% 18.9% 14.0% 10.9% France 24.0% 21.6% 19.4% 13.6% 12.5% Portugal 13.3% 17.7% 15.0% 13.0% 13.0% Switzerland 23.8% 14.5% 15.5% 12.1% 10.8% Austria 30.0% 29.2% 16.6% 11.9% 8.2% United Kingdom 18.0% 15.9% 14.3% 11.4% 18.8% Spain 17.4% 19.8% 18.8% 11.1% 16.8% Norway 18.4% 9.4% 8.6% 8.5% 9.4% Netherlands 10.7% 9.3% 8.6% 8.5% 9.5% Finland 10.1% 17.5% 2.2% 5.9% 6.1% Overview and Forecast www.ecommerce-europe.eu Ecommerce Europe and its Reports Information about Ecommerce Europe and its Reports About the Authors Aad Weening, Advisor International E-commerce Aad Weening (1941) has been involved in distance selling and retail practically all his working life. From 1966 until 1979 he offered legal and economic advice as well as lobbying services. From 1979 he managed the Dutch Mail Order Association (currently Thuiswinkel.org), at first in the Netherlands and later on at a European level. Between 1993 and 2006 he served as the Secretary General of the European Distance Selling Trade Association (EMOTA). At the moment, Weening is Senior Advisor at Ecommerce Europe. Bert Nagelvoort, Senior Researcher E-commerce Bert Nagelvoort (1977) has been working for Ecommerce Europe since 2013. He is involved in international e-commerce and develops the Ecommerce Europe reports. He studied Business Administration at Radboud University Nijmegen and he has a great interest in the international (digital) economy and e-commerce. Previously, he worked as Project Manager in the financial services industry. Please feel free to contact Bert at: bertnagelvoort@ecommerce-europe.eu Richard van Welie, Editor Richard van Welie (1979) has been working for Ecommerce Europe as an editor since March 2014. Prior to this, he worked as a freelance translator/copywriter for five of years. One of his main tasks is providing content for the Ecommerce Europe reports. After graduating in Communication Sciences in 2004, he studied American Studies at Radboud University Nijmegen and graduated in 2008. Jorij Abraham, Director Research & Advice Jorij Abraham (1972) has been part of the international e-commerce community since 1997. He was an e-commerce manager at Bijenkorf, TUI and Sanoma Media and Director of Consulting at Unic. Since 2013 he has been Director of Research & Advice at Ecommerce Europe. He is also director of the eCommerce Foundation, a research institute offering practical e-commerce research and benchmark services. Peter van den Brink, Trainee Research & Advice Peter van den Brink (1992) has worked for Ecommerce Europe since 2014. He studies Business Management at the University of Applied Sciences in Ede. He is involved in the research of the e-commerce market and is developer of the Ecommerce Europe reports. About Ecommerce Europe